Logos Guardia Civil, Scientific Magazine of the University Center of the Guardia Civil
The "Logos Guardia Civil" Magazine, the Scientific Journal of the University Center of the Civil Guard, was created with the aim of becoming the reference platform for works carried out by young researchers, as well as for contributions from prestigious and experienced authors in the field of public security. It collaborates in the dissemination of scientific research related to different disciplines within the spectrum of knowledge of police, legal, and social sciences, or any other discipline related to public safety, while encouraging research and collaboration in this field. The "Logos Guardia Civil" Magazine is included in the Dialnet repository.
Centro Universitario de la Guardia Civil
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I.- COLABORACIONES Liderazgo de base segura en la Guardia Civil: estudio piloto en unidades territoriales · David Santos Gamito / Gemma de la Cruz Moreno / David Guillén Corchado José Luis González Álvarez / Ana Laguía González / Juan Antonio Moriano León II.- ARTÍCULOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN El análisis de patrones de manchas de sangre como eje probatorio en la reconstrucción de un asesinato · Joaquín Álvaro Vázquez Ciberviolencias sexuales contra la población femenina en España: un análisis de las implicaciones psicosociales desde la perspectiva de género · María Calvo Lorenzo El concepto penal de conducción en un contexto de movilidad cambiante· Teresa Castellet Portolés Impacto de los superiores en la motivación y el liderazgo del mando medio · Gonzalo Cerón Llorente La ocupación de inmuebles y plazas de garaje: delimitación penal entre usurpación y allanamiento · Rafael Francisco Correa Prada El atestado policial naval: sistematización de las primeras diligencias frente al tráfico ilícito de migrantes por vía marítima · Daniel Cortes Villanueva Proyecto Primus. Reflexiones y propuestas para un marco teórico-aplicado de liderazgo basado en análisis de conducta · Antonio Domínguez Muñoz / Rafael Manuel López Pérez / Jorge Jiménez Serrano / Beatriz Domínguez Muñoz Blanqueo de capitales mediante criptoactivos: eficacia regulatoria y brecha entre trazabilidad tecnológica y atribución jurídica en la Unión Europea y Estados Unidos · Benjamín Garcinuño Roldán El papel de la psicopatía en la violencia de pareja: una revisión sistemática · Ángela Mateos Valle / José María Palomares Rodríguez / Raúl Quevedo Blasco Las infraestructuras críticas españolas como objetivo de elementos terroristas. Análisis de vulnerabilidades, marco normativo y estrategias de protección · Raúl Moreno Ruiz Los Galindos: anatomía de un fracaso institucional. Lecciones criminológicas, judiciales y victimológicas medio siglo después · Francisco Pérez Fernández / Francisco López Muñoz Dinámicas de violencia y armas de fuego en Ecuador: patrones espaciales y desafíos en la trazabilidad balística para la investigación · Emilio Gabriel Terán Andrade / Diego Mauricio López Tapia / Marcelo Javier Vinueza Calderón Los transformados en la Guardia Civil · José Manuel Vivas Prada III.- RESEÑAS DE JURISPRUDENCIA Reseña de jurisprudencia de la Sala 2ª del Tribunal Supremo · Javier Ignacio Reyes López
Centro Universitario de la Guardia Civil - Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Educativa
Copyright (c) 2026 Centro Universitario de la Guardia Civil - Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Educativa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Copyright (c) 2026 Félix Blázquez González https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The naval police report: standardisation of initial procedures regarding the smuggling of migrants by sea
This article examines the systematization of the initial investigative steps taken in maritime operations against the illicit smuggling of migrants, based on the technical-operational proposal known as the Naval Police Report. The study analyzes the normative, doctrinal, and case-law framework that governs judicial police action at sea, in a context marked by limited specialized doctrine and by the predominance of operational devices primarily oriented toward rescue, factors that have constrained the development of a technical-procedural system adapted to this environment. Particular attention is given to the collection, organization, and preservation of evidence in an environment characterized by mobility, urgency, and the irreproducibility of certain procedural actions, as well as to the initial steps of detection, monitoring, close-range assessment, identification of responsible persons, police intervention, and disembarkation. It is observed that the police report prepared on board a naval vessel does not constitute an autonomous legal category, but rather a functional organizational formula useful for reinforcing the operational and procedural coherence of police actions at sea against these criminal phenomena.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Cortes Villanueva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The analysis of bloodstain patterns as a key piece of evidence in the reconstruction of a murder
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA) is a fundamental tool for reconstructing the dynamics of violent events at crime scenes. This study presents the analysis and interpretation of bloodstain patterns documented in a homicide case that occurred in Zafra (Badajoz, Spain) in 2024, within the framework of a technical crime scene investigation conducted under a unified analytical approach and manual trigonometric methodology. Based on the morphology, distribution, and correlation of bloodstains with medico-legal findings, the sequence of events most consistent with the physical evidence is reconstructed, identifying the initial scene, the victim's movements, and subsequent phases of the event. Evidence consistent with scene alteration, including selective cleaning and re-entry, is also examined. This case is of particular interest from an evidentiary perspective, as it developed in a context characterized by limited conclusiveness of other forensic evidence and competing hypotheses. In this scenario, BPA played a central role in the overall assessment of the evidence. The scientific reliability of the discipline, its application within the Spanish procedural framework, the implications of expert communication before lay juries, and the inherent limitations of the analysis are also discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joaquín Álvaro Vázquez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Online sexual violence against women in Spain: An analysis of the psychosocial implications from a gender perspective
In order to analyze technology-facilitated sexual violence against women in Spain from a psychosocial and gender perspective, a narrative review of the literature was conducted, identifying 438 documents, of which 48 met the inclusion criteria. Technology-facilitated sexual violence is a growing phenomenon that disproportionately affects women, demonstrating how digital technologies amplify structural gender inequalities. Its main dimensions include digital sexual harassment, sextortion, image-based sexual abuse or "revenge porn", as well as emerging phenomena such as the whitewashing of the sex business on content platforms. Documented mental health consequences include suicidal ideation and attempts, anxiety, depression, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep problems, low self-esteem, and self-objectification. Artificial intelligence has emerged as a new tool for perpetration, facilitating the creation of deepfakes and non-consensual nudity applications. In the field of prevention, cybersecurity offers technological tools, although existing applications have significant limitations and reporting rates remain below 7.3%. It is concluded that technology-facilitated sexual violence is an amplified expression of gender inequalities, requiring comprehensive interventions that combine gender-sensitive education, platform regulation, professional training, and ethical technology design..
Copyright (c) 2026 Lydia Comerón Manzano, María Calvo Lorenzo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dynamics of violence and firearms in Ecuador: spatial patterns and challenges in ballistic traceability for investigative purposes
The analysis of lethal violence dynamics in Ecuador reveals a profound transformation in the country's public security landscape, characterized by an exponential increase in homicide rates, reaching a historic level of 51 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in 2025. The temporal stability of crime concentration was demonstrated through the application of spatial autocorrelation techniques and the Local Moran’s Index, which identified the existence of micro-territories with persistently high levels of criminal activity, such as Durán Canton. The recurrence of violent incidents provides evidence that crime tends to concentrate in the same locations over time, as observed in several micro-areas that continue to exhibit elevated levels of violence for prolonged periods. The analysis of lethal violence dynamics in Ecuador reveals a profound transformation in the country's public security landscape, characterized by an exponential increase in homicide rates, reaching a historic level of 51 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in 2025. The temporal stability of crime concentration was demonstrated through the application of spatial autocorrelation techniques and the Local Moran’s Index, which identified the existence of micro-territories with persistently high levels of criminal activity, such as Durán Canton. The recurrence of violent incidents provides evidence that crime tends to concentrate in the same locations over time, as observed in several micro-areas that continue to exhibit elevated levels of violence for prolonged periods. Likewise, the findings highlight the central role of firearms in the commission of homicides, generating significant technical challenges for forensic investigations. The emergence of ghost guns manufactured through 3D printing technologies and computer numerical control (CNC) machining has complicated traditional methods of firearm control, tracing, and identification. Furthermore, the comparison between legally manufactured firearms and suspicious weapons reveals that the increasing sophistication of replicas and technical modifications makes it considerably more difficult to determine serial numbers and establish the origin and traceability of firearms
Copyright (c) 2026 Emilio Gabriel Terán Andrade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Case law review Second Chamber of the Supreme Court
Copyright (c) 2026 Javier Ignacio Reyes López https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The occupation of properties and parking spaces: the legal distinction between unlawful occupation and trespass
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of illegal property occupation in Spain, examining its criminal, constitutional, and social dimensions. Through an in‑depth review of case law from the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, the study explores the distinction between “dwelling” and “non‑dwelling property,” a key factor in differentiating between the offences of burglary and unlawful occupation. Emerging phenomena such as inquiokupación—fraudulent tenancy used to gain access to a property—are also addressed, highlighting the challenges at the intersection of civil and criminal law. The paper further analyses the constitutional tensions between the inviolability of the home, the right to property, and the right to adequate housing, and proposes legislative reforms aimed at improving legal and social responses. The study concludes that illegal occupation requires a multidisciplinary approach combining legal reform, procedural efficiency, and public housing policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 RAFAEL FRANCISCO CORREA PRADA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PRIMUS Project. Reflections and proposals for a theoretical and applied framework of leadership based on behaviour analysis
Leadership is one of the major issues in today's world, addressed from different areas, including behavioral sciences, given that rather than an era of changes, we are facing a change of era, reflected in the VUCA model and subsequent models. The complexity faced by organizations would require leadership at the service of people, based on behavioral analysis (BA). A broad and interdisciplinary conceptual framework to provide a scientific basis for something that, although we do instinctively, benefits from method. We propose a versatile system for BA, with a meta-protocol structure (SAVE) and an adaptation that is especially useful for team leadership (SAVIOR). From there, we develop a proposal for humanistic leadership based on principles, the PRIMUS Project (Promoción del Rapport desde la Identidad y del Mando a través de la Unidad, con SAVIOR). It is structured in two parts: Primus or Caesar, to emphasize the need for leadership as a personal development project (self-knowledge and self-leadership), useful for anyone. Then, Inter Pares or Nothing, raises, among other issues, how to practice positive leadership, given that it cannot be neutral; anti-leadership is frequent and is tentatively defined and discussed in relation to its organizational consequences (burnout, cohesion deterioration, morale loss) and its prevention from PRIMUS. Finally, the functional integration of the model with our century complex environments is addressed. We thus recover a long tradition and embrace the spirit of the current motto of the Leadership Department of the Escuela de Guerra y Liderazgo del Ejército de Tierra to conclude, To lead is to serve.
Copyright (c) 2026 Antonio Domínguez-Muñoz, Rafael M. López Pérez, Jorge Jiménez Serrano, Beatriz Domínguez-Muñoz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Money laundering through crypto-assets: regulatory effectiveness and the gap between technological traceability and legal attribution in the European Union and the United States
Money laundering is a dynamic phenomenon that evolves in parallel with transformations in the international economic environment. Methods of illicit money laundering pose new challenges to authorities and financial institutions, largely driven by ongoing technological advancements. The use of emerging technologies gives rise to a layer of pseudonymity, which is no longer merely a technical feature; rather, it has evolved into a strategic instrument for criminal organisations seeking to sophisticate their laundering schemes by obscuring transactional traceability and the underlying economic and legal harms. This article analyses the problem of laundering illicit funds through crypto-assets by such organisations, as well as the various techniques employed to conceal traceability and identity. It first provides an in-depth examination of key international instruments, including the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), in relation to systems aimed at the prevention and suppression of illicit financial flows through crypto-assets. Building on this framework, this study undertakes a comparative analysis of the legislative approaches—markedly divergent—adopted in the United States and the European Union. This analysis goes beyond the mere identification of the problem; rather, it underscores the urgent need to strengthen regulatory frameworks by identifying significant legislative divergences, legal gaps, and the structural limitations of supervisory mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Benjamín Garcinuño Roldán https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Grounded leadership in the Civil Guard: a pilot study in territorial units
Leadership constitutes a fundamental element for the effective functioning of police organizations, particularly in contexts characterized by high demands, uncertainty, and continuous exposure to stress. In these environments, a commander's ability to foster trust, cohesion, and psychological safety among subordinates is decisive for both professional performance and personnel well-being. The Secure Base Leadership (SBL) model, grounded in attachment theory, proposes that leaders may act as figures of support and reference to promote the personal and professional development of their collaborators. This model integrates emotional support with goal-oriented demands, establishing a leadership style well-suited for hierarchical organizations subject to high operational pressure. The present cross-sectional, exploratory pilot study, utilizing questionnaires administered to civil guards across various units in the Aragon region, analyzes the presence of SBL behaviors within territorial units of the Spanish Guardia Civil and explores their relationship with relevant psychosocial variables such as work engagement, burnout, and perceived job performance. In the sample analyzed, perceived SBL was positively related to work engagement and job performance, and negatively related to burnout. These results suggest that SBL may constitute a relevant organizational resource in highly demanding work contexts. The preliminary findings point to the value of further exploring the incorporation of the SBL model into the training and development of commanders within the institution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gemma de la Cruz Moreno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The criminal law concept of driving in a context of changing mobility
The constant evolution and transformation of the mobility, driven largely by technological advances and the widespread use of artificial intelligence systems, highlight the inadequacy of the criminal-law concept of driving, which appears to have been left behind by these changes. Its current framework, centred on mechanical propulsion and movement on public roads, is inadequate to cover certain scenarios which, although they do not fit within that classical framework, pose significant risks to road safety. This analysis draws on regulatory developments, recent case law and the need to adapt criminal law to the technological and social changes that directly affect road safety. This paper examines how the concept of driving has been defined in criminal law and why its current scope should be reviewed from various perspectives: the protected legal interest, new mobility patterns particularly personal mobility vehicles, progressive automation, and attempts in offences against road safety. The study concludes that it is advisable to redefine the criminal-law concept of driving on the basis of functional and technological criteria more in line with contemporary reality, most notably effective control of movement and the ex-ante harmful potential of the conduct.
Copyright (c) 2026 Teresa Castellet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spanish critical infrastructure as a target for terrorists. Analysis of vulnerabilities, regulatory framework and protection strategies
This article analyses the vulnerability of Spanish critical infrastructures to the terrorist threat from a legal, institutional and operational perspective. Its goals are to evaluate the current regulatory framework —led by Law 8/2011 and Directive (EU) 2022/2557 on the resilience of critical entities (CER)—, identify the strategic sectors most exposed to risk, and evaluate the institutional architecture of the Spanish protection system. Through documentary analysis and specialised literature review, it is concluded that Spain has a solid critical infrastructure protection (CIP) system. However, there are significant gaps in industrial cybersecurity, inter-administrative coordination and transposition of European directives that require urgent attention. The main threats identified for the 2025-2030 strategic horizon are jihadist terrorism, hostile state actors and cyberterrorism.
Copyright (c) 2026 RAUL MORENO RUIZ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Los Galindos: Anatomy of an Institutional Failure. Criminological, Judicial and Victimological Lessons Half a Century On
The quintuple homicide committed at the “Los Galindos” farmhouse (Paradas, Seville, 1975) stands as one of the most paradigmatic examples of institutional failure in criminal investigation during the late Francoist period. Beyond its media notoriety and the enduring enigma, it represents in the collective imagination, the case offers an exceptional illustration of how the convergence of structural deficiencies (police, judicial, forensic, and administrative) can completely dismantle the possibility of establishing a solid procedural truth. This article analyzes, from a multidisciplinary perspective, the deeper causes of this failure: early crime‑scene contamination, the absence of criminalistic protocols, instructor discontinuity, the forensic rupture between autopsies, the fragility of the chain of custody, and the hyperinflation of hypotheses never subjected to progressive filtering. In parallel, the paper examines the political‑institutional context of the period, marked by outdated institutional structures, judicial politicization, and a police model still anchored in outdated logics, as well as the impact of media noise that helped consolidate contradictory narratives and long‑lasting social stigmas. The study also addresses the victimological and sociological dimensions of the case, showing how the public narrative, sustained for decades by journalistic coverage, fictional portrayals, and anniversary retrospectives, eventually replaced the missing case file, consolidating inflationary interpretations that affected families and local communities. Based on a technical and comparative analysis, the article extracts a series of lessons applicable to contemporary criminal investigation, particularly regarding early evidence preservation, inter‑institutional coordination, and responsible information management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Francisco López Muñoz, Francisco Pérez-Fernández https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The role of psychopathy in intimate partner violence: a systematic review
Intimate partner violence (IPV) constitutes a public health problem with serious physical, psychological, and social consequences. Among the individual factors associated with its perpetration, psychopathy has gained particular relevance in recent years. The present study aims to update and analyze the empirical evidence published between 2017 and 2025 on the relationship between psychopathic traits and intimate partner violence. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The search was conducted in the Scopus, Web of Science databases and on the ProQuest platform, applying pre-defined PICOS criteria. Twenty quantitative studies were included, comprising a total sample of 7,706 adults from clinical, community, and forensic settings. The results show a significant association between psychopathy and IPV, especially when the dimensions of the construct are analyzed separately. Primary psychopathy is mainly linked to instrumental violence and control strategies, while secondary psychopathy is associated with impulsive violence and a higher risk of recidivism. Likewise, differentiated profiles of aggressors are identified based on the predominant psychopathic facets. The clinical and forensic implications derived from these findings are discussed, as well as the methodological limitations of the current literature. Overall, the results support the importance of the dimensional analysis of psychopathy to understand the heterogeneity of IPV.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ángela Mateos Valle, José María Palomares-Rodríguez, Raúl Quevedo-Blasco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The impact of senior managers on the motivation and leadership of middle management
From a business point of view, motivation is essential for efficient and healthy professional performance. Fortunately, in recent decades, much progress has been made, through the study of leadership styles, in the way of motivating our subordinates. Many studies have been published to encourage the chain of command to find the best way to connect with collaborators. However, little has been written about the factors that contribute to the motivation of those who are called to motivate. This author believes that the majority of the success of any organization lies in the way in which the superiors of those responsible for teams are able to motivate the latter. In this study we want to analyse the impact that the behaviours of superiors may have on the motivation of managers, the sample, in both, in a positive and negative way and the consequences of those superior’s behaviours in the organization in the medium/long term.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gonzalo Cerón Llorente https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Throughout the history of the Guardia Civil, recruiting officers has always been a challenge. Various factors and circumstances hindered the transfer of junior officers from the Infantry and Cavalry to the Corps. This ever-present reality became especially worrisome after the end of the Spanish Civil War, as the Army's interests naturally prioritized filling its ranks over addressing the needs of the Guardia Civil. On the other hand, the anticipated prospect of a new Spain, free from foreseeable conflicts, seemed to promise a smooth career path for these young officers; conversely, the Guardia Civil offered only hardship and risk, which became evident almost immediately with the first clashes with the Republican groups still operating within Spanish territory, popularly known as "the maquis." Once the decision was made to transform the junior officers who comprised the Reserve and Provisional Officer Corps into "permanent" or "professional" personnel, at least until the first lieutenants could graduate from the General Military Academy, thousands of officers passed through the various academies. In any case, the focus of our research is on those who, despite all odds, chose to join the Guardia Civil and, through their decision, ensured continuity in the chain of command. Had the Corps relied solely on those promoted from within, it would have faced serious difficulties later on in filling the most senior positions
Copyright (c) 2026 JOSÉ MANUEL VIVAS PRADA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
I.- COLABORACIONES La policía judicial ante la reforma del proceso penal · Adriano J. Alfonso Rodríguez II.- ARTÍCULOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN La muerte desde arriba: empleo de drones de ataque por organizaciones terroristas · Diego de Lorenzo de Guindos Montejurra y la Guardia Civil. Estado de la cuestión y genealogía de unas acusaciones · Juan José Echevarría Pérez-Agua Cartografía de los flujos financieros criminógenos: tipología, nodos y amenazas para la seguridad · Juan Carlos Fernández Cela Los tres pilares de la seguridad ciudadana · Antonio José Leal Bernabeu El tercer sector social: ciencia ciudadana en el ámbito de las desapariciones en España · Pedro Llorens Sellés El delito de conducción temeraria con manifiesto desprecio por la vida (art. 381 CP): fronteras con el dolo eventual homicida · Rocío Martín Ríos El ISKP como actor comunicativo: estrategias de propaganda y construcción de poder · Paula M. Núñez-Guerra Propaganda terrorista en la era digital: miedo, ideología y reclutamiento online · Rebeca Radío Armindo Comparativa del programa TEEXMR con programas de microscopios profesionales de comparación balística · Enrique Germán Solana Aguilar La gestión de fuentes humanas a través de profesionales españoles: una aproximación cualitativa · Juan Tejero La desinformación histórica. Estudio de caso: los sucesos de Castiblanco · José Manuel Vivas Prada III.- RESEÑAS DE JURISPRUDENCIA Reseña de jurisprudencia de la Sala 2ª del Tribunal Supremo · Javier Ignacio Reyes López Reseña de jurisprudencia de la Sala 5ª del Tribunal Supremo · José María López de Celis
Copyright (c) 2026 Centro Universitario de la Guardia Civil Oficina Investigación https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Case law review 5th Chamber Supreme Court
STS 621/2025, 2 July. Determination of the moment of police custody in a judicially authorised entry and search. 2. STS 814/2025, 8 October. Requirements of unlawfulness in environmental matters, in order to distinguish between sanctioning regulations of an administrative nature and criminal types. 3. STS 837/2025, 15 October. Validity of the police inspection of warehouses and other places that do not constitute a home, even when there were areas for private life that were not subject to search. 4. STS 797/2025, 2 October. Occasional capture by the police of images in a semi-private area, through the use of a drone, as an adjuvant element to the request for a home search. 5. STS 854/2025, 16 October. Analysis of the validity of the evidence obtained in France through the Encrochat application, a closed network of communication through encrypted messages. 6. STS 861/2025, 22 October. Undercover agents. Provision in their entirety of the recorded conversations. 7. STS 849/2025, 16 October. Disclosure of secrets by a public official. Fraudulently obtaining access codes to a computer. 8. STS 866/2025, 22 October. Self-consumption or trafficking of GBL. Questionable minimum doses.
Copyright (c) 2026 José María López de Celis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
1.- Sentence: 20/11/2025. Upholding. 2.- Sentence: 30/10/2025. Upholding. 3.- Judgment: 02/10/2025. Dismissal. 4.- Sentence: 18/09/2025. Dismissal. 5.- Sentence: 14/07/2025. Partially upheld. 6.- Sentence: 02/06/2025. Second Sentence of the Chamber after the Special Chamber of Article 61 of the LOPJ upheld the appeal for review lodged by the appellant against the Sentence of this Fifth Chamber which ruled on this military disciplinary appeal. - Replacement of the very serious disciplinary offence for which he had initially been punished with a serious offence. Partially upheld. 7.- Judgment: 22/05/2025. Dismissed. 8.- Judgment: 09/04/2025. Dismissed. 9.- Sentence: 02/04/2025. Dismissed. 10.- Sentence: 12/03/2025. Rejected 11.- Sentence: 22/01/2025. Rejection
The crime of reckless driving with manifest disregard for life (Art. 381 CP): frontiers with eventual intent to commit homicide (art. 381 CP): fronteras con el dolo eventual homicida
The proliferation of "homicidal drivers" or "kamikaze drivers" on Spanish roads concerned the legislator to the point of introducing a specific offense into the Penal Code through the reform implemented in 2007: the crime of driving with manifest disregard for the lives of others. This provided more stringent punishments for the perpetrators of this particular form of road rage. Through a technical-legal analysis of the offense, this study aims to provide the keys to understanding the legal interests affected and to differentiate it from the basic offense of reckless driving. The main objective of this study will be the complex delimitation of this offense in relation to homicide committed with implied malice. The relative proximity between these two legal concepts has led to disparate judicial solutions that have required jurisprudential unification. An attempt will be made to establish indicators that allow for a more favorable classification towards one offense or the other. Special attention will be paid to the application of the concurrent offense rule established in Article 382 of the Spanish Penal Code, given the significance of its application when, in addition to the risk, a harmful result occurs. Finally, de lege ferenda proposals will be made to contribute to achieving the legal certainty to which the legal system should aspire.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rocío Martín Ríos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparison of the TEEXMR program with professional ballistic comparison microscope programs
Currently its search solutions easier and more accessible to problem’s every time, the innovation had allowed that the technology permeate into various areas, and what technology´s utility could able to makes in different lands of human´s knowledge. This investigation, sketch it general reaching of equipment currently used for comparison tool marks and it´s propose an economic software that is oriented of education. It achieved know the scope of this software, it not helps only students, but also forensic experts that they not have direct access of tools more expensive for comparison as this day they used. Nevertheless, we shouldn’t confuse the process with the tools or the technology, because it´s had been believed, it´s cheaper and more accessible, it not has acceptable standards, that could be a wrong argument, since the processes and principles are the same, and technology is only the bridge we able to do an efficient comparison and with this case, the acceptability of the comparison was reached with the proposed tool.
Copyright (c) 2026 ENRIQUE GERMAN SOLANA AGUILAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Historical disinformation. Case study: the events of Castiblanco
Unfortunately, on more occasions than desired, when one turns to historical texts to learn more about a fact of interest, one usually finds elements that disconcert the reader, since the new information distorts his or her first references on the subject. After carrying out the pertinent checks and comparing the data with other more reliable sources, it is found that the story found, even if it has been signed by authors with adequate knowledge and the backing of a high degree, does not correspond to the reality of the fact. Although there is never a single truth and the narrative can suffer involuntary variations, in most cases the references and sources of all kinds allow them to be adjusted, to a large extent, to past reality. There are many occasions in which, when this reality affects events in which the Civil Guard turns out, for better or worse, to be the protagonist, the stories differ, and a lot, from how the events happened. As a reference example, we have chosen a memory from the history of the Corps which, due to the exceptional circumstances that occurred in it, has generated abundant literature, among which, unfortunately, the negative literature generally predominates. We propose, therefore, with the limitations imposed by a research article, to study the historiography of what were called "Castilblanco events"
Mapping of criminogenic financial flows: typology, nodes and security threats
This article proposes an operational cartography of criminogenic financial flows, structured through a topological, multiscalar, and geo-legal framework. The central hypothesis asserts that capital circulation is neither neutral nor random, but rather a strategic architecture assembled through physical infrastructures, legal structures, and digital devices. Based on an expanded taxonomy, the study develops a classification of twelve types of financial flows according to their geometry (binary, triangular, circular, multiple, hybrid) and their impact on national and international security. The analysis reveals that these flows configure specific morphologies of structural vulnerability. Some follow well-established patterns: binary flows operate as preferred structures in scenarios of interstate financial coercion; triangular flows function as surgical vectors of strategic legalization; and round-trip flows simulate foreign investment through circular capital circuits. Others adopt more disruptive forms: fractal flows act as amplifiers of systemic risk via nested leverage structures, while mirror flows are engineered as algorithms of transnational legal subjugation, designed to shield extraterritorial control under contractual disguise. Moreover, the study argues that conventional financial monitoring techniques are insufficient when confronted with multi-jurisdictional contractual assemblages, crypto-legal algorithms, and opaque risk nodes. Methodologically, the research integrates network theory, geographic infrastructure analysis, and contractual engineering. The conclusion advocates for a doctrine of financial sovereignty grounded in strategic traceability, nodal cartography, and adversarial intelligence. Without maps, there is no control; without control, there is no sovereignty. Mastering the trajectory of capital becomes a critical prerequisite for geopolitical survival in the twenty-first century
Copyright (c) 2026 JUAN CARLOS FERNÁNDEZ CELA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Death from above: use of attack drones by terrorist organisations
Drones entered public spaces as toys to be given at Christmas or on birthdays. However, while the vast majority of us admired the first quadcopter models being sold in shopping centers, there were already those thinking about their possible applications in armed conflicts, or even for carrying out terrorist attacks. While Western society remained unaware, drones began to make their way into distant conflict zones from which news only trickled in (if at all): Syria, Mexico or the Donbas. It wasn’t until Vladimir Putin’s troops crossed the border into Ukraine that we realized the technological echo chamber we were living in. The war in Ukraine has made us realize that the future is already here. The use of drones for destructive purposes is now a reality, and denying it may mean being unprepared when someone decides to use them against us. Since February 24, 2022, innovation in the field of attack drones has undergone a true revolution: technical development of kamikaze drones, use of fiber optic cables to bypass jammers, and artificial intelligence. The current landscape has nothing to do with what it was three years ago. Today, we face drone swarms capable of making decisions on their own, coordinating their attacks. We must be prepared to contain the destructive potential of these devices before we are swept away by it.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diego De Lorenzo de Guindos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Citizen security has become a cornerstone for ensuring the full exercise of rights and freedoms in modern societies. However, the definition and scope of this concept have been subject to academic and legal debate due to the diversity of related terms (public security, public order) and the evolution of security policies across different historical contexts (Freixes y Remotti, 1995). This article proposes a theoretical framework that structures citizen security into three essential pillars –prevention, investigation, and communication– supported by mission-oriented leadership as an integrative axis. Through a doctrinal and normative analysis, we explore the foundations of each pillar and their interrelationship. We highlight the importance of proactive crime prevention by reducing target vulnerabilities and offender motivations (Cohen y Felson, 1979), effective investigation to ensure accountability and deterrence, and strategic communication both to engage citizens in security and to manage the subjective perception of insecurity. Likewise, we examine how participative and adaptive leadership within security forces is crucial to implement these pillars in practice. Finally, the implications of this tripartite approach are discussed in comparison with traditional security models, and improvements are proposed for public policies and policing practices aimed at achieving more effective, legitimate, and sustainable citizen security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Antonio José Leal Bernabeu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The ISKP as a communicative actor: propaganda strategies and power construction
The Islamic State of Khorasan Province (ISKP) has emerged as a key communications actor within the global jihadist ecosystem, using propaganda as a strategic tool to expand its influence and consolidate its power. Since the return of the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2021, the ISKP has intensified, as a Da’esh subsidiary, its regionalization and internationalization strategy, extending its reach beyond Central and South Asia to the West. This expansion has been reflected in a sophisticated media network, which includes its reference platform Al Azaim. In this article, and within the framework of a research stay at the Centre for Intelligence against Terrorism and Organised Crime (CITCO), it will analyse one of Da’esh’s most important magazines, which is generally published in English: Voice of Khurasan magazine, as well as the recent Light of Darkness newsletters that emerged from it. The purpose of all this is to compare the thematic content of the seven issues published so far, as well as to draw parallels with the producer’s own broadcasts in those months. Consequently, and under the premise that these media have a different focus, the question will be answered: What communicative strategies does the ISKP use to position itself as a relevant actor within the global jihadist panorama? This will be done using a methodology based on a descriptive method, an observation method and a comparative method.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paula M. Núñez-Guerra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Terrorist propaganda in the digital age: fear, ideology and online recruitment.
The internet has transformed jihadist terrorism, becoming a key channel for propaganda, recruitment, and radicalization. Repeated exposure to violent content and ideological narratives normalizes violence and strengthens the commitment of vulnerable individuals, especially minors and young people, who seek identity, belonging, and purpose. Extremist groups exploit these emotional needs, adapting their strategies to less-regulated digital platforms and video games. Therefore, prevention requires a comprehensive approach combining technological monitoring, digital education, and the strengthening of individual and social protective factors, addressing both external agents and the internal vulnerabilities of individuals. The internet thus emerges as a strategic domain of conflict, where cybersecurity and digital behavior analysis are essential to counter violent extremism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rebeca Radío https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The judicial police in the face of the reform of criminal procedure
Abstract: The reform of criminal procedure is a hot topic, raising the question of who should be the governing body: the Examining Magistrate or the Prosecutor in charge of the investigation. However, the current importance of the Criminal Police cannot be overlooked, as it must become one of the essential pillars on which change hinges. Whoever procedurally directs the investigation must be adequately supported by an investigative police unit that fulfills its function of investigating the criminal acts and uncovering those responsible with technical rigor and efficiency. Despite the debate generated, our legal system already provides for a Prosecutor with investigative powers and managerial capacity vis-à-vis the Criminal Police, something that, admittedly, is limited by the presence of the Examining Magistrate. In any case, what is the current situation of the Criminal Police? What is its relationship with the Judge and the Prosecutor? What does comparative law teach us? And, finally, is it possible to establish another form of police investigation?
Copyright (c) 2025 ADRIANO JACINTO ALFONSO RODRIGUEZ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0